Here is a comprehensive overview of cystitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management:

1. Causes: The majority of cystitis cases are caused by bacteria, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the most common culprit. Bacteria can enter the urethra and travel up to the bladder, leading to infection. Other factors that can contribute to cystitis include sexual intercourse, use of certain contraceptives, menopause, urinary tract abnormalities, and suppressed immune system.

2. Symptoms: Common symptoms of cystitis include:

• Frequent urination
• Urgency to urinate
• Burning or pain during urination (dysuria)
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Lower abdominal pain or discomfort
• Mild fever in some cases

3. Diagnosis: A healthcare professional can diagnose cystitis by evaluating the symptoms, medical history, and performing a physical examination. Urine tests, such as a urinalysis, are often conducted to check for the presence of bacteria, red and white blood cells, and other signs of infection. In some cases, a urine culture may be performed to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine its susceptibility to antibiotics.

4. Management and Treatment:

a. Antibiotics: The primary treatment for bacterial cystitis is a course of antibiotics. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for uncomplicated cystitis include Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and Fosfomycin. The choice of antibiotic depends on factors such as the severity of symptoms, local resistance patterns, and individual patient factors.

b. Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help alleviate pain and discomfort associated with cystitis. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any medication.

c. Increased fluid intake: Drinking plenty of water can help flush out bacteria and reduce the concentration of bacteria in the urine. It is recommended to aim for at least 6 to 8 glasses of water per day.

d. Urinary analgesics: Some medications, called urinary analgesics, can help relieve the pain and burning sensations during urination. These medications, such as phenazopyridine, provide temporary relief and should not be used for more than two days without consulting a healthcare professional.

e. Prevention: To prevent cystitis and reduce the risk of recurrence, consider the following measures:

• Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and promote regular urination.
• Urinate before and after sexual intercourse to flush out bacteria.
• Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to avoid introducing bacteria to the urethra.
• Avoid using irritating feminine hygiene products.
• Wear breathable cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting pants.
• Take showers instead of baths, and avoid using harsh soaps or bubble baths in the genital area.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan for cystitis. They can provide personalized advice based on the specific circumstances and medical history of the individual.